He lived 1855 to 1936. Human will depends on either instinctive force {essential will} or reasoned purpose or goal {arbitrary will}. Communities {Gemeinschaft}, such as cities and states, can depend on essential will, to gain essential needs. Societies {Gesellschaft}, such as families and neighborhoods, can form to reach goals.
He lived 1858 to 1917.
Suicide happens in individuals dissociated from their groups {anomie, Durkheim}, who lose social rules or have social-rule conflicts. Social cohesion minimizes suicide risk {social cohesion theory}, but communities do not always have values and beliefs adequate to current social problems.
Societies have behavior norms. Social institutions and relations, such as language, law, customs, values, traditions, inventions, family, religion, and work, shape individual behavior and beliefs.
Religion and morals are main society parts, and all change together.
Religion is about the sacred, not magic, supernatural, or spirits. Community shares the sacred. Taboos separate sacred from profane, by special places and days.
However, primitive peoples do separate natural and supernatural, and some do not have sacred things.
Totem is sacred, has totem symbol, and represents clan. Clans have larger groups {phratry, Durkheim}, and their totems have groups. All things in life have categories, and categories have totems, so all things link to form unity. Totemism is thus the first religion.
People feel power in totem {totemic principle}. The power is mana in Melanesia, manitou in North America, orenda, or wakan. The power is not spirit or person. Soul is part of totemic principle and is conscience. Sacrifices are to share in power.
Social events and ceremonies concentrate on totem but actually unify clan in shared excitement and joy. Rituals reinforce idea of community. Rituals can be about death {piacular ritual} and allow society to heal.
Ancestor worship is about past souls and clans and leads to the idea of gods, which are for and about tribes, not clans. Tribes often have supreme god.
Societies have principles not derivable from biology or psychology. Society is a collective of norms and is more than sum of individual effects.
He lived 1843 to 1904.
He lived 1864 to 1929 and studied primary groups and how self relates to groups.
He lived 1864 to 1920. Social norms reflect meanings in human actions. Social actions reflect ethics, not economics.
Ethics
Ethics depends on responsibility. People want to have higher status.
Politics
Stabilizing factors for society are group traditions, common laws, constitutional law, and absolute value standard. Real or supposed personal qualities, such as sanctity, courage, heroism, character, savior, wisdom, and insight are destabilizing factors. Primitive societies have traditional religion, and societies that had crisis have rationalized religion. Protestant ethics underlie capitalism. Authority types are traditional, charismatic, and bureaucratic-rational-legal. Authority is attitude or norm. Authority does not necessarily have power to cause behavior in others. Legitimate power depends on tradition, person's charisma, or law and reason.
He lived 1840 to 1910 and studied customs and mores.
He lived 1866 to 1951.
He lived 1863 to 1931 and was of Chicago School. He developed symbolic interactionism. People and things have several roles and functions simultaneously in society {sociality} [Mead, 1934].
He lived 1889 to 1974.
He lived 1874 to 1953.
He lived 1892 to 1957 and studied technological stages and social stages.
He lived 1893 to 1953.
He lived 1916 to 1962.
He lived 1897 to 1983 and created symbolic interactionism [1937], with Herbert Blumer at University of Chicago (Second Chicago School), and their predecessors W. I. Thomas and Robert Park (First Chicago School).
He lived 1898 to 1987.
He lived 1911 to 2000.
He lived ? to 1963, emphasized symbolic interactionism at Iowa School [1946 to 1973], and developed Twenty Statements Test (TST).
He lived 1900 to 1975.
He lived 1902 to 1992.
He lived 1902 to 1983.
He lived 1900 to 1969.
He lived 1905 to 1999.
He lived 1922 to 1982.
He lived 1922 to ?.
She lived 1906 to 1975 and studied under Jaspers and Heidegger. Human activity is labor to stay alive, work to make things for society, and action to create new things and work with others. Action is more important than thought.
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He lived 1922 to 1983.
He lived 1898 to 1970.
He lived 1912 to 2002 and founded Common Cause [1970].
He lived 1905 to 1983.
He lived 1927 to ?.
He lived 1932 to ?.
He lived 1925 to ?.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225